<h2>Editing: csv.py</h2>
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&quot;&quot;&quot;
csv.py - read/write/investigate CSV files
&quot;&quot;&quot;

import re
from functools import reduce
from _csv import Error, __version__, writer, reader, register_dialect, \
                 unregister_dialect, get_dialect, list_dialects, \
                 field_size_limit, \
                 QUOTE_MINIMAL, QUOTE_ALL, QUOTE_NONNUMERIC, QUOTE_NONE, \
                 __doc__
from _csv import Dialect as _Dialect

try:
    from cStringIO import StringIO
except ImportError:
    from StringIO import StringIO

__all__ = [ &quot;QUOTE_MINIMAL&quot;, &quot;QUOTE_ALL&quot;, &quot;QUOTE_NONNUMERIC&quot;, &quot;QUOTE_NONE&quot;,
            &quot;Error&quot;, &quot;Dialect&quot;, &quot;__doc__&quot;, &quot;excel&quot;, &quot;excel_tab&quot;,
            &quot;field_size_limit&quot;, &quot;reader&quot;, &quot;writer&quot;,
            &quot;register_dialect&quot;, &quot;get_dialect&quot;, &quot;list_dialects&quot;, &quot;Sniffer&quot;,
            &quot;unregister_dialect&quot;, &quot;__version__&quot;, &quot;DictReader&quot;, &quot;DictWriter&quot; ]

class Dialect:
    &quot;&quot;&quot;Describe an Excel dialect.

    This must be subclassed (see csv.excel).  Valid attributes are:
    delimiter, quotechar, escapechar, doublequote, skipinitialspace,
    lineterminator, quoting.

    &quot;&quot;&quot;
    _name = &quot;&quot;
    _valid = False
    # placeholders
    delimiter = None
    quotechar = None
    escapechar = None
    doublequote = None
    skipinitialspace = None
    lineterminator = None
    quoting = None

    def __init__(self):
        if self.__class__ != Dialect:
            self._valid = True
        self._validate()

    def _validate(self):
        try:
            _Dialect(self)
        except TypeError, e:
            # We do this for compatibility with py2.3
            raise Error(str(e))

class excel(Dialect):
    &quot;&quot;&quot;Describe the usual properties of Excel-generated CSV files.&quot;&quot;&quot;
    delimiter = ','
    quotechar = '&quot;'
    doublequote = True
    skipinitialspace = False
    lineterminator = '\r\n'
    quoting = QUOTE_MINIMAL
register_dialect(&quot;excel&quot;, excel)

class excel_tab(excel):
    &quot;&quot;&quot;Describe the usual properties of Excel-generated TAB-delimited files.&quot;&quot;&quot;
    delimiter = '\t'
register_dialect(&quot;excel-tab&quot;, excel_tab)


class DictReader:
    def __init__(self, f, fieldnames=None, restkey=None, restval=None,
                 dialect=&quot;excel&quot;, *args, **kwds):
        self._fieldnames = fieldnames   # list of keys for the dict
        self.restkey = restkey          # key to catch long rows
        self.restval = restval          # default value for short rows
        self.reader = reader(f, dialect, *args, **kwds)
        self.dialect = dialect
        self.line_num = 0

    def __iter__(self):
        return self

    @property
    def fieldnames(self):
        if self._fieldnames is None:
            try:
                self._fieldnames = self.reader.next()
            except StopIteration:
                pass
        self.line_num = self.reader.line_num
        return self._fieldnames

    # Issue 20004: Because DictReader is a classic class, this setter is
    # ignored.  At this point in 2.7's lifecycle, it is too late to change the
    # base class for fear of breaking working code.  If you want to change
    # fieldnames without overwriting the getter, set _fieldnames directly.
    @fieldnames.setter
    def fieldnames(self, value):
        self._fieldnames = value

    def next(self):
        if self.line_num == 0:
            # Used only for its side effect.
            self.fieldnames
        row = self.reader.next()
        self.line_num = self.reader.line_num

        # unlike the basic reader, we prefer not to return blanks,
        # because we will typically wind up with a dict full of None
        # values
        while row == []:
            row = self.reader.next()
        d = dict(zip(self.fieldnames, row))
        lf = len(self.fieldnames)
        lr = len(row)
        if lf &lt; lr:
            d[self.restkey] = row[lf:]
        elif lf &gt; lr:
            for key in self.fieldnames[lr:]:
                d[key] = self.restval
        return d


class DictWriter:
    def __init__(self, f, fieldnames, restval=&quot;&quot;, extrasaction=&quot;raise&quot;,
                 dialect=&quot;excel&quot;, *args, **kwds):
        self.fieldnames = fieldnames    # list of keys for the dict
        self.restval = restval          # for writing short dicts
        if extrasaction.lower() not in (&quot;raise&quot;, &quot;ignore&quot;):
            raise ValueError, \
                  (&quot;extrasaction (%s) must be 'raise' or 'ignore'&quot; %
                   extrasaction)
        self.extrasaction = extrasaction
        self.writer = writer(f, dialect, *args, **kwds)

    def writeheader(self):
        header = dict(zip(self.fieldnames, self.fieldnames))
        self.writerow(header)

    def _dict_to_list(self, rowdict):
        if self.extrasaction == &quot;raise&quot;:
            wrong_fields = [k for k in rowdict if k not in self.fieldnames]
            if wrong_fields:
                raise ValueError(&quot;dict contains fields not in fieldnames: &quot;
                                 + &quot;, &quot;.join([repr(x) for x in wrong_fields]))
        return [rowdict.get(key, self.restval) for key in self.fieldnames]

    def writerow(self, rowdict):
        return self.writer.writerow(self._dict_to_list(rowdict))

    def writerows(self, rowdicts):
        rows = []
        for rowdict in rowdicts:
            rows.append(self._dict_to_list(rowdict))
        return self.writer.writerows(rows)

# Guard Sniffer's type checking against builds that exclude complex()
try:
    complex
except NameError:
    complex = float

class Sniffer:
    '''
    &quot;Sniffs&quot; the format of a CSV file (i.e. delimiter, quotechar)
    Returns a Dialect object.
    '''
    def __init__(self):
        # in case there is more than one possible delimiter
        self.preferred = [',', '\t', ';', ' ', ':']


    def sniff(self, sample, delimiters=None):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        Returns a dialect (or None) corresponding to the sample
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        quotechar, doublequote, delimiter, skipinitialspace = \
                   self._guess_quote_and_delimiter(sample, delimiters)
        if not delimiter:
            delimiter, skipinitialspace = self._guess_delimiter(sample,
                                                                delimiters)

        if not delimiter:
            raise Error, &quot;Could not determine delimiter&quot;

        class dialect(Dialect):
            _name = &quot;sniffed&quot;
            lineterminator = '\r\n'
            quoting = QUOTE_MINIMAL
            # escapechar = ''

        dialect.doublequote = doublequote
        dialect.delimiter = delimiter
        # _csv.reader won't accept a quotechar of ''
        dialect.quotechar = quotechar or '&quot;'
        dialect.skipinitialspace = skipinitialspace

        return dialect


    def _guess_quote_and_delimiter(self, data, delimiters):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        Looks for text enclosed between two identical quotes
        (the probable quotechar) which are preceded and followed
        by the same character (the probable delimiter).
        For example:
                         ,'some text',
        The quote with the most wins, same with the delimiter.
        If there is no quotechar the delimiter can't be determined
        this way.
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        matches = []
        for restr in ('(?P&lt;delim&gt;[^\w\n&quot;\'])(?P&lt;space&gt; ?)(?P&lt;quote&gt;[&quot;\']).*?(?P=quote)(?P=delim)', # ,&quot;.*?&quot;,
                      '(?:^|\n)(?P&lt;quote&gt;[&quot;\']).*?(?P=quote)(?P&lt;delim&gt;[^\w\n&quot;\'])(?P&lt;space&gt; ?)',   #  &quot;.*?&quot;,
                      '(?P&lt;delim&gt;[^\w\n&quot;\'])(?P&lt;space&gt; ?)(?P&lt;quote&gt;[&quot;\']).*?(?P=quote)(?:$|\n)',   # ,&quot;.*?&quot;
                      '(?:^|\n)(?P&lt;quote&gt;[&quot;\']).*?(?P=quote)(?:$|\n)'):                            #  &quot;.*?&quot; (no delim, no space)
            regexp = re.compile(restr, re.DOTALL | re.MULTILINE)
            matches = regexp.findall(data)
            if matches:
                break

        if not matches:
            # (quotechar, doublequote, delimiter, skipinitialspace)
            return ('', False, None, 0)
        quotes = {}
        delims = {}
        spaces = 0
        for m in matches:
            n = regexp.groupindex['quote'] - 1
            key = m[n]
            if key:
                quotes[key] = quotes.get(key, 0) + 1
            try:
                n = regexp.groupindex['delim'] - 1
                key = m[n]
            except KeyError:
                continue
            if key and (delimiters is None or key in delimiters):
                delims[key] = delims.get(key, 0) + 1
            try:
                n = regexp.groupindex['space'] - 1
            except KeyError:
                continue
            if m[n]:
                spaces += 1

        quotechar = reduce(lambda a, b, quotes = quotes:
                           (quotes[a] &gt; quotes[b]) and a or b, quotes.keys())

        if delims:
            delim = reduce(lambda a, b, delims = delims:
                           (delims[a] &gt; delims[b]) and a or b, delims.keys())
            skipinitialspace = delims[delim] == spaces
            if delim == '\n': # most likely a file with a single column
                delim = ''
        else:
            # there is *no* delimiter, it's a single column of quoted data
            delim = ''
            skipinitialspace = 0

        # if we see an extra quote between delimiters, we've got a
        # double quoted format
        dq_regexp = re.compile(
                               r&quot;((%(delim)s)|^)\W*%(quote)s[^%(delim)s\n]*%(quote)s[^%(delim)s\n]*%(quote)s\W*((%(delim)s)|$)&quot; % \
                               {'delim':re.escape(delim), 'quote':quotechar}, re.MULTILINE)


        if dq_regexp.search(data):
            doublequote = True
        else:
            doublequote = False

        return (quotechar, doublequote, delim, skipinitialspace)


    def _guess_delimiter(self, data, delimiters):
        &quot;&quot;&quot;
        The delimiter /should/ occur the same number of times on
        each row. However, due to malformed data, it may not. We don't want
        an all or nothing approach, so we allow for small variations in this
        number.
          1) build a table of the frequency of each character on every line.
          2) build a table of frequencies of this frequency (meta-frequency?),
             e.g.  'x occurred 5 times in 10 rows, 6 times in 1000 rows,
             7 times in 2 rows'
          3) use the mode of the meta-frequency to determine the /expected/
             frequency for that character
          4) find out how often the character actually meets that goal
          5) the character that best meets its goal is the delimiter
        For performance reasons, the data is evaluated in chunks, so it can
        try and evaluate the smallest portion of the data possible, evaluating
        additional chunks as necessary.
        &quot;&quot;&quot;

        data = filter(None, data.split('\n'))

        ascii = [chr(c) for c in range(127)] # 7-bit ASCII

        # build frequency tables
        chunkLength = min(10, len(data))
        iteration = 0
        charFrequency = {}
        modes = {}
        delims = {}
        start, end = 0, min(chunkLength, len(data))
        while start &lt; len(data):
            iteration += 1
            for line in data[start:end]:
                for char in ascii:
                    metaFrequency = charFrequency.get(char, {})
                    # must count even if frequency is 0
                    freq = line.count(char)
                    # value is the mode
                    metaFrequency[freq] = metaFrequency.get(freq, 0) + 1
                    charFrequency[char] = metaFrequency

            for char in charFrequency.keys():
                items = charFrequency[char].items()
                if len(items) == 1 and items[0][0] == 0:
                    continue
                # get the mode of the frequencies
                if len(items) &gt; 1:
                    modes[char] = reduce(lambda a, b: a[1] &gt; b[1] and a or b,
                                         items)
                    # adjust the mode - subtract the sum of all
                    # other frequencies
                    items.remove(modes[char])
                    modes[char] = (modes[char][0], modes[char][1]
                                   - reduce(lambda a, b: (0, a[1] + b[1]),
                                            items)[1])
                else:
                    modes[char] = items[0]

            # build a list of possible delimiters
            modeList = modes.items()
            total = float(chunkLength * iteration)
            # (rows of consistent data) / (number of rows) = 100%
            consistency = 1.0
            # minimum consistency threshold
            threshold = 0.9
            while len(delims) == 0 and consistency &gt;= threshold:
                for k, v in modeList:
                    if v[0] &gt; 0 and v[1] &gt; 0:
                        if ((v[1]/total) &gt;= consistency and
                            (delimiters is None or k in delimiters)):
                            delims[k] = v
                consistency -= 0.01

            if len(delims) == 1:
                delim = delims.keys()[0]
                skipinitialspace = (data[0].count(delim) ==
                                    data[0].count(&quot;%c &quot; % delim))
                return (delim, skipinitialspace)

            # analyze another chunkLength lines
            start = end
            end += chunkLength

        if not delims:
            return ('', 0)

        # if there's more than one, fall back to a 'preferred' list
        if len(delims) &gt; 1:
            for d in self.preferred:
                if d in delims.keys():
                    skipinitialspace = (data[0].count(d) ==
                                        data[0].count(&quot;%c &quot; % d))
                    return (d, skipinitialspace)

        # nothing else indicates a preference, pick the character that
        # dominates(?)
        items = [(v,k) for (k,v) in delims.items()]
        items.sort()
        delim = items[-1][1]

        skipinitialspace = (data[0].count(delim) ==
                            data[0].count(&quot;%c &quot; % delim))
        return (delim, skipinitialspace)


    def has_header(self, sample):
        # Creates a dictionary of types of data in each column. If any
        # column is of a single type (say, integers), *except* for the first
        # row, then the first row is presumed to be labels. If the type
        # can't be determined, it is assumed to be a string in which case
        # the length of the string is the determining factor: if all of the
        # rows except for the first are the same length, it's a header.
        # Finally, a 'vote' is taken at the end for each column, adding or
        # subtracting from the likelihood of the first row being a header.

        rdr = reader(StringIO(sample), self.sniff(sample))

        header = rdr.next() # assume first row is header

        columns = len(header)
        columnTypes = {}
        for i in range(columns): columnTypes[i] = None

        checked = 0
        for row in rdr:
            # arbitrary number of rows to check, to keep it sane
            if checked &gt; 20:
                break
            checked += 1

            if len(row) != columns:
                continue # skip rows that have irregular number of columns

            for col in columnTypes.keys():

                for thisType in [int, long, float, complex]:
                    try:
                        thisType(row[col])
                        break
                    except (ValueError, OverflowError):
                        pass
                else:
                    # fallback to length of string
                    thisType = len(row[col])

                # treat longs as ints
                if thisType == long:
                    thisType = int

                if thisType != columnTypes[col]:
                    if columnTypes[col] is None: # add new column type
                        columnTypes[col] = thisType
                    else:
                        # type is inconsistent, remove column from
                        # consideration
                        del columnTypes[col]

        # finally, compare results against first row and &quot;vote&quot;
        # on whether it's a header
        hasHeader = 0
        for col, colType in columnTypes.items():
            if type(colType) == type(0): # it's a length
                if len(header[col]) != colType:
                    hasHeader += 1
                else:
                    hasHeader -= 1
            else: # attempt typecast
                try:
                    colType(header[col])
                except (ValueError, TypeError):
                    hasHeader += 1
                else:
                    hasHeader -= 1

        return hasHeader &gt; 0
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